For the R&D leader who needs to stay ahead of the curve, this brief executive summary showcases the latest approaches and innovation in reducing the carbon impact of fertilizer production and agriculture. It highlights emerging trends and key take-aways for their respective teams to stay aware of new approaches, significant advancements, and new innovations for this emerging market.

Every day almost 5 million tons of hazardous materials are shipped in the United States, so statistically, the number of chemical spills is small, but the impact is far reaching. Recent spills in East Palestine and other places showcase the challenges that first responders, transporters, and government agencies face with cleaning up after chemical spills. This article takes a deeper dive into the science behind vinyl chloride, the impact of dioxins, and potential remediations in scientific literature.

Finally, as we consider the future of hazardous material transportation, it is inevitable that there will be accidents, but what can we learn that may help guide future decisions for better tracking, responses, and outcomes?

How does vinyl chloride cause cancer?

Even with the controlled burn at East Palestine, a significant amount of vinyl chloride was still released into the surrounding environment, including soil, water, and air. Vinyl chloride is a widely used chemical, with many applications across industries like building, electronics, and packaging. However, vinyl chloride is a carcinogen with known toxic properties.

Exposure to vinyl chloride through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact can lead to its absorption into the bloodstream, where it is transported to the liver. In the liver, vinyl chloride is metabolized by the enzyme cytochrome P450, producing a highly reactive intermediate called chloroethylene oxide (Figure 1). This molecule contains an epoxide group (highlighted in red) that can readily bind to the bases in DNA (guanine as an example), resulting in the formation of DNA adducts. These adducts can cause DNA mutations, which may ultimately lead to the development of cancer.

Are there any remediations for vinyl chloride contamination?

Vinyl chloride has a short half-life in the environment: 0.2-0.5 day for evaporation from soil; 0.8 hour from water; 1.5 days in the air for degradation by gas-phase reaction. Therefore, the remediations for vinyl chloride are less critical for the long run than those long-lasting contaminants, such as dioxins, in the environment. While there are a variety of approaches (physical vs. chemical) for remediation, they may only be applicable to those who are continually exposed to vinyl chloride.

What are dioxins and are they dangerous?

Dioxins are environmental contaminants consisting of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and many other dioxin-like compounds created as a byproduct of burning vinyl chloride. While the EPA has not tested the levels of dioxins, many experts are concerned since dioxins are persistent and 90% of human exposure is through food.

Dioxins are highly toxic and can mimic or activate transcription factors and cause mis-regulations in gene expression, resulting in many disrupted physiological functions. It can also interfere with many hormones, such as estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormones, leading to abnormalities in reproductive, developmental, and immune systems.

Are there any remediations for dioxins?

Reviewing the landscape of patents in the CAS Content Collection™ around dioxin removal, several key trends emerged. Thermal decomposition and decomposing catalysts are two primary methods of dioxin removal with many patents focused on removing dioxin from air or fly ash. Research on removing dioxin from soil is still limited. Fu et al. discussed using a modified activated carbon (V5-Mo5-Ti) as a promising catalytic adsorption material to control the emission of dioxins from the thermal desorption of organic contaminated soil.

Key players identified include Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, who filed over 90 patents in the years 2000-2003 (Figure 2), and emerging players from China in the last 5 years (Figure 3). Concepts such as thermal decomposition, flue gases, incinerator flue gases, and decomposition catalysts are frequently discussed in these patent publications. The patent JP2006239484 filed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries claimed a device that uses laser photocatalysis to thermal decompose halide on particles, thus limiting the dioxin generation. Patent CN115708995 claimed a device with dioxin decomposing catalyst for removing dioxins from flue gas.

The role of data

Immediately after accidents like these, there is often a focus on the physical challenges or shortcomings, but another key factor to consider is the information. It is vital that any of the safety protocols or handling guidelines are easily accessible to first responders and responding agencies. Universally, it is also critical that all hazardous materials are properly tracked by those transporting the chemicals. Solutions that integrate data and improve accuracy and efficiency across the supply chain become even more valuable. Rinchem, a company that manages some of the most complex supply chains globally, transports over 4 billion chemicals safely every year and is one example of an organization that leverages CAS RN™ Numbers to ensure that the chemical data is accurate and integrated across sources.

Looking forward

While there are a variety of approaches in prevention (from restrictions, policies, and more), the challenge of how to best clean up and minimize health problems and environmental concerns will need to be addressed moving forward. While scientific research and publications have advanced, there should be considerations for easy access and better traceability of hazardous chemicals. Finally, in situations where fire departments may be understaffed or lack training for hazardous material protocols, accurate identification of spilled chemicals and access to the right safety protocols are critical. Only by preparing for future spills and accident scenarios will we be able to minimize the impact of the inevitable.

Exosomes have emerged as a major force in reshaping patient care in a wide range of diseases, from cancer to cardiovascular disease to tissue regeneration – the opportunities are immense. Recently, experts from the Mayo Clinic, Direct Biologics (the makers of ExoFlo), and Aruna Bio joined CAS for a webinar on March 9, 2023.

Exosomes are often referred to as the natural version of lipid nanoparticles, and their distinctive properties such as innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and excellent tissue or cell penetration capabilities provide key advantages over nanoparticles. Learn more about why exosomes will be reshaping the drug delivery, diagnostics, and the therapeutic landscape of the future in our recent Insight Report. 

Key highlights from the webinar

To set the stage for this discussion, Janet provided a landscape view of this emerging area of science. While publications and IP trends signal the rise of exosomes, there is a critical challenge in isolating and purifying that must be solved for broader scale distribution. Diving deeper into the clinical and pre-clinical landscape revealed key players, their technologies, and the therapeutic areas of focus for the future of exosomes.

Dr. Behfar started off by discussing his clinical evolution and the application of exosomes in cardiac therapeutic applications. He discussed in-depth how a purified exosome product (PEP) is being explored further in the clinic and at Mayo Clinic for regenerative use in areas such as wound healing, myocardial infarction, and women’s health. Additionally, he discussed the mechanism of PEP reducing oxidative stress and inflammation along with its antioxidant enzyme contents.

Dr. Mosely initiated his presentation with a detailed description of exosome complexity including their extensive biological processes. He shared exosome product ExoFlo’s extensive drug pipeline with its use for treatment of many different diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and osteoarthritis. Finally, he shared how ExoFlo has produced many promising results in ARDS treatment with the reduction of inflammatory proteins and the increase of immune cell populations.

Dr. Stice focused the beginning of his presentation on the complexities of the purification and concentration of exosomes along with the importance of cGMP facilities for the scaling up of exosome clinical material. He then delved into the challenges of therapeutics crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the therapeutic use of the neural-derived exosome AB126. AB126 has a natural affinity for the central nervous system and high BBB permeability with the ability to preserve and repair brain tissue after ischemic stroke. He finished with discussing how AB126 can also be used to carry various cargos, such as siRNA, to the brain.

To wrap up, attendees asked a wide range of questions: from lipid nanoparticle vs exosomes comparisons to more complex questions about exosome isolation, purification, and characterization. In short, this was an engaging panel that highlighted the promising opportunities of exosomes for drug delivery and the treatment of diseases with high unmet needs.

See the recording and the associated slides from the webinar here.